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11. TYPICAL DISORDERS OF WATER-IONS BALANCE. EDEMA

Questions to prepare for classes and examination

 Typical forms of water dysbalance.

 Hypohydration: causes, types, mechanisms of development, manifestations, consequences, and principles of treatment.

 Overhydration: causes, types, mechanisms of development, manifestations, consequences, and principles of treatment.

 Edema: definition, types, the main factors of development, principles of treatment.

 Edema during cardiac failure: etiology, pathogenesis, and manifestations.

 Pulmonary edema: etiology, pathogenesis, manifestations, and consequences.

 Renal edema: etiology, pathogenesis, manifestations, and consequences.

 Disorders of sodium, potassium, calcium, manganese, and phosphate metabolism: causes, manifestations, and mechanisms of development.

N 57

Examination of a 32-year-old patient revealed various signs of pathology, including excessive body mass: his height is 168 cm and weight 84.5 kg. The patient also has a pasty face, periorbital puffiness, pale skin; he had slow rebound of tissue to its original contour after pressing the feet or shin with the fingertip. The patient told the physician about tightness of a ring and shoes in the evening. The investigation of the cardiovascular system revealed the following: minor arterial hypotension, areas of cardiac dullness are slightly increased; other parameters are unremarkable. The daily urine volume is within the normal range.

Questions

 What is the possible cause of the patient's excess of body mass?

 Can we assume that water-ions balance is deranged in this patient?

 What type of edema is observed in the patient?

 What additional data are required to specify the type of edema in this case?

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