?Five senses, from hearing to sight, they are given to us for external interactions, and thought and memory are internal services, they determine all decisions"
Avicenna
29.1 General physiology of sensory systems (analyzers)
29.2 Tactile sensory system
29.3 Nociceptive sensory system
29.4 Gustatory sensory system
29.5 Olfactory sensory system
29.6 Interoceptive sensory system
29.7 Thermal sensorу system
29.8 Motor sensory system
Profile materials Control questions Situational tasks
29.1. General physiology of sensory systems (analyzers)
Concept of sensory systems (analyzers). The sensory system is a part of the nervous system that controls the perception and analysis of information about the external and internal environment of the body and forms a sensation specific to this system.
History of the problem. The doctrine of sensory systems was developed by I.P. Pavlov (1909), who called them analyzers. Pavlov discovered two brain functions, switching (conditioned reflexes) and analytical. According to Pavlov, analyzers are devices that break down the outside world into elements, and then transform stimulation into sensation. Until the mid-19th century, the problem of perceiving the external world, with rare exceptions, was reduced to the study of the senses. Sensory organs (the peripheral part of the sensory sys-
tem) are a combination of receptor and specialized auxiliary structures that enable perception of environmental influences. As early as in the 6th century BC Aristotle identified five basic senses: vision, smell, touch, taste, and hearing. In the nineteenth century, an intensive study of the senses began by physical and physiological methods. The data obtained in the twentieth century regarding the characteristics of efferent pathways in analyzers, the interaction of analyzers with each other, as well as the principle of consistency in physiology, yielded the concept of "sensory systems" (Fig. 29.1).